Structuralized: May 2011

How images are framed depends on the overall look and feel that the designer is trying to achieve, but there are various ideas that photographers – and painters – have found useful in creating effective images.

The selection, sizing and cropping of images is directly related to the accompanying text, in that they are either designed to illustrate the text, or the text provides an explanatory note to the image.

A common mistake is to use an image as it is provided, resulting in the use of poorly composed shots without a clear focal point or direction. Wheras any image can be made to work harder if the composition of subject elements is manipulated to communicate effectively with the intended audience.

There should be a good reason behind every image you select. Ask yourself;

Is your chosen image relevant and meaningful to the audience?
Is it right for the task and does it make the accompanying words work harder?
Will the combination of the words and pictures get the reader thinking?
Will the choice of image provoke the reader to do what you want them to do?

Designer and editor should work with a selection of close-ups, mid and long-range images. They should look to engage more directly with the subject matter and create interest through cropping, using orientation, symmetry or asymmetrical composition and the rule of three.

Cropping
Cropping is the easiest and most effective way to edit an image. This can change the whole emphasis of the shot by removing extraneous or distracting subject matter and manipulating the relationship between the subject elements and the edge of the frame.

Conversely a poor crop can ruin a good image. Be careful not to end up with a crop that is just slightly rectangular, as this communicates a sense of indecision.

Orientation
Picture shapes are normally dictated by the natural arrangement of elements. Landscape images tend to emphasise the relationship between subject elements to the left and right of the frame, whilst portrait images tend to relate background to foreground.

Choosing a landscape format for an image of a person, or using a portrait format for a landscape can produce an unexpected effect or pleasing juxtaposition.

Composition
People are predisposed to prefer symmetrical composition and this is the starting point for editing any image, placing the subject central in the frame. This signifies stability and strength.

However, symmetry can become monotonous and can lack movement. Asymmetrical composition places the subject off centre to create a more dynamic image with tension between the contrasting spaces around the subject.

The rule of three
The rule of three is a useful rule of thumb for asymmetric composition. Dividing the frame into vertical and horizontal thirds creates four ‘sweet spots’ at the intersections of the gridlines. Placing the most important elements of the image on or adjacent to these intersections can transform an ordinary image into one with a stronger composition.